Lambda Phage Replication Cycle

Lambda phage morphology:

The head has 20 faces. A three-dimensional image with 20 faces is called an icosahedron. The head is made of proteins of various types and contains 46,500 bp long genomic DNA (g). Phage λ contains circular double-stranded DNA approximately 17 µm in length packaged in the protein head of the capsid. The head is 55 nm in diameter and consists of 300 to 600 37,500 Dalton capsomeres (subunits).

Capsomeres are arranged in groups of 5 and 6 subunits, that is, pentamers and hexamers. The head is attached to a 180 µm long non-contractile tail via a connector. The queue consists of 35 stacked disks. It ends in a fibre. There is a hole in the capsid through which this narrow part of the neck passes which expands into a bulge-like structure on the inside. The tail has a thin tail fibre (25 nm long) at its end that recognizes hosts. Also, the tail consists of about 35 stacked discs or rings. Unlike the T-even phage, it is a simple structure devoid of a tail sheath.

Bacteriophage A belongs to the Siphoviridae family of Group I (dsDNA viruses). Lambda Phage Replication Cycle is an E. coli K12 virus that, after entering the host cell, does not normally kill it, despite being capable of destroying the host. Therefore, it carries out its life cycle in two different ways, one as a virulent virus and the second as non-virulent. The virulent phase is called the lytic cycle and the non-virulent as temperate or lysogenic, and the respective viruses as virulent phage and temperate phage, respectively. The other temperate lambdoid phages are 21, Ø80, Ø81, 424, 434, etc.

DNA and gene organization of lambda phage:

Lambda DNA is a linear, double-stranded duplex approximately 17 µm in length. It consists of 48,514 base pairs of known sequences. Both ends of the 5′ terminus consist of 12 bases that extend beyond the nucleotide of the 3′ terminus. This results in a single-stranded complementary region commonly called sticky ends. The sticky ends form base pairs and can easily circularize.

Consequently, a circular DNA with two single-strand breaks is formed. The double-stranded region formed after base pairing of complementary nucleotides is designated COS. The 12 nucleotides at the sticky ends and the process of circularization. Circularization events occur after injection of phage DNA into the E.coli cell where the bacterial enzyme, ie, E.coli DNA ligase, converts the molecule into a covalently sealed circle.

Lambda phage life cycles:

Following adsorption to the host cell’s lamb receptor, lambda gDNA is injected through the tail, which forms a hollow tube through which the DNA passes into the cell. The phage λ goes through two life cycles, the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle after injecting its DNA into the E.coli cell. In the lytic cycle, phage genes are expressed and DNA replicates, resulting in the production of various phage particles. The lytic cycle ends with the lysis of E. coli cells and the release of phage particles. This lytic cycle is virulent or moderate in which the phage multiplies into several particles. Furthermore, the lysogenic cycle results in the integration of the phage DNA with the bacterial chromosome and becomes part of the host DNA.

It replicates along with the bacterial chromosome and is inherited in the progeny. The phage DNA integrated with the bacterial chromosome is called a prophage. The prophage is not virulent and is called a moderate phage. Bacteria containing prophage are called lysogenic bacteria and the prophage stage of viruses as lysogenic viruses. After treatment of lysogenic bacteria with ultraviolet light. X-ray or mitomycin, the prophage can separate from the bacterial chromosomes and enter the lytic cycle. This process is known as induction.

Genetic map of phage lambda:

The notable feature of the map is the grouping of genes according to their functions. For example, the head and tail synthesis, replication, and recombination genes are arranged in four distinct groups. These genes can also be grouped into three main operons, viz. right operon, left operon, and immunity operon. The right operon is involved in the vegetative function of the phage, e.g. head synthesis, tail synthesis, and leading lytic cycle in DNA replication.

The left operon is associated with integration and recombination events of the lysogenic cycle. The products of the immunity operon interact with the DNA and decide whether the phage will start the lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle. Singer et al (1977) have given the nucleotide sequence of ØX174. The genetic map of bacteriophages has been provided by Echols and Murialdo (1978).

(i) Head Synthesis Genes:

On the far left of the phage genome, the major genes, viz. A, W, B, C, D, E are located which are associated with the maturation of phage DNA and head proteins.

(ii) Tail Synthesis Genes:

The F, Z, U, V, G, H, M, L, K, I, J genes are clustered right in the head genes and code for the tail proteins.

(iii) Cleavage and integration genes:

The xis gene encodes the protein that cleaves phage DNA from bacterial chromosomes, and the int-encoded protein is involved in the integration of phage DNA into the bacterial chromosome.

(iv) Recombination:

The two genes int and xis code att P for site-specific recombination. The three red genes code for three proteins at a normal frequency for general recombination. The red is encoded for exonuclease, the red B for beta protein, and the red V for gamma protein. The gamma protein inhibits exonuclease V.

(v) Positive regulation gene:

The N and R genes are the positive regulation genes. The proteins encoded by these genes increase the transcription rate of other genes. The protein encoded by the N gene induces the transcription of the cell, Q, P, A, red, gam, xis, and int, while the protein encoded by the Q gene stimulates the transcription of the head, tail, and lysis genes. The N and Q genes are also required for plaque formation, in the absence of which the number of phage particles would be lower but not zero.

(vi) Negative Regulation Genes:

The cl gene acts as a repressor, and its product maintains the prophage in the lysogenic form in the bacterial host. In addition, cll and cIII help the d gene in lysogeny. Cro-encoded proteins bind to PL and PR and reduce the expression of cl, N, red, and xis genes. Interactions between the cro-encoded Q proteins and the phage repressor occur in the host cell and the result decides the functioning of the lytic or lysogenic cycle. The choice between lysogeny and lysis was discussed in the previous section.

(vii) DNA Synthesis Genes:

The two genes O and P are involved in the synthesis of phage DNA. The origin of DNA replication lies within the coding sequence of the Q gene, which encodes a protein for the initiation of DNA replication, and the gene that generates the sticky ends lies adjacent to one of the ends. The function of the N gene is required in the transcriptional process of these genes.

(viii) Lysis genes:

The S and R genes control the lysis of the bacterial cell envelope that occurs at the end of the lytic cycle.

The choice between lytic and lysogenic cycles:

Shortly after genome circularization and the start of transcription, gpcII and gpcIII accumulate. gpcII binds to PRE (promoter for the establishment of a repressor) and stimulates RNA polymerase binding. gpcIII protects gpcll from degradation by host nucleases.

The lambda repressor (GPL) is rapidly synthesized (B), binds to OL and OR, and inhibits mRNA synthesis and the production of gpcII and gpcIII (proteins) (C). The repressor activates the promoter for repressor maintenance (PRM) which induces the c/ gene to be continuously transcribed at a low rate. This process continues continuously and ensures stable lysogeny when established (C).

Over the course of time, the pro also accumulates. It binds to OL and OR, activates the transcriptional repressor gene cl, and represses PRM function (D). The (gpcl) repressor can block cro transcription. Therefore, there is a race between the production of gpcl and gpcro proteins.

HIV Treatment

What is HIV?

HIV is a virus that damages the immune system. Untreated HIV affects and kills CD4 cells, which are a type of immune cell called a T cell. Over time, as HIV kills more CD4 cells, the body is more likely to develop various types of conditions and cancers.

HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids including:

  • blood
  • semen
  • vaginal and rectal fluids
  • breast milk

The virus is not spread through air or water, or by casual contact. Because HIV inserts itself into the DNA of cells, it is a lifelong condition and there is currently no drug that will remove HIV from the body, although many scientists are working to find one. However, with medical care, including a treatment called antiretroviral therapy, it is possible to control HIV and live with the virus for many years. Without treatment, a person with HIV is likely to develop a serious condition called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, known as AIDS.

At that point, the immune system is too weak to respond successfully against other diseases, infections, and conditions. Without treatment, life expectancy with end-stage AIDS is about 3 years. With antiretroviral therapy, HIV can be well controlled and life expectancy can be about the same as someone who has not contracted HIV. It is estimated that 1.2 million Americans are currently living with HIV. Of those people, 1 in 7 do not know they have the virus. HIV can cause changes throughout the body.

The first symptoms of HIV

The first few weeks after someone gets HIV is called the acute stage of infection. During this time, the virus reproduces rapidly. The person’s immune system responds by producing HIV antibodies, which are proteins that take action to respond against infection. During this stage, some people have no symptoms at first. However, many people experience symptoms in the first month after contracting the virus, but often don’t realize that HIV causes those symptoms. This is because the symptoms of the acute stage can be very similar to those of the flu or other seasonal viruses, such as:

  • can be mild to severe
  • they can come and go
  • can last from a few days to several weeks

Early symptoms of HIV can include:

  • fever
  • shaking chills
  • swollen lymph nodes
  • general aches and pains
  • acne
  • throat pain
  • headache
  • nausea
  • Stomach ache

Because these symptoms are similar to those of common illnesses like the flu, a person with them may not think they need to see a health care provider. And even if they do, his health care provider might suspect he has the flu or mono and may not even consider HIV. Whether a person has symptoms or not, during this period their viral load is very high. Viral load is the amount of HIV found in the bloodstream.

A high viral load means that HIV can be easily passed to another person during this time. The initial symptoms of HIV usually resolve within a few months when the person enters the chronic or clinical latency stage of HIV. This stage can last for many years or even decades with treatment. The symptoms of HIV can vary from person to person.

What are the symptoms of HIV?

After the first month or so, HIV enters the clinical latency stage. This stage can last from a few years to a few decades. Some people do not have any symptoms during this time, while others may have minimal or nonspecific symptoms. A nonspecific symptom is a symptom that does not belong to a specific disease or condition. These nonspecific symptoms may include:

  • headaches and other aches and pains
  • swollen lymph nodes
  • relapsing fevers
  • night sweats
  • fatigue
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • weightloss
  • skin rash
  • recurrent oral or vaginal yeast infections
  • pneumonia
  • herpes

As in the early stage, HIV is still transferable during this time, even without symptoms, and can be passed on to another person. However, a person will not know they have HIV unless they are tested. If someone has these symptoms and you think they may have been exposed to HIV, it’s important to get tested. Symptoms of HIV at this stage may come and go or may progress rapidly. This progression can be substantially slowed with treatment. With consistent use of this antiretroviral therapy, chronic HIV can last for decades and probably won’t progress to AIDS, if treatment is started early enough.

Causes of HIV

HIV is a variation of a virus that can be transmitted to African chimpanzees. Scientists suspect that the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) jumped from chimpanzees to humans when people ate chimpanzee meat containing the virus. Once inside the human population, the virus mutated into what we now know as HIV. This probably happened as early as the 1920s. HIV spread from person to person throughout Africa over several decades. Eventually, the virus migrated to other parts of the world. Scientists first discovered HIV in a human blood sample in 1959. HIV is believed to have existed in the United States since the 1970s but did not begin to affect public awareness until the 1980s.

HIV Treatment Options

Treatment should begin as soon as possible after an HIV diagnosis, regardless of viral load. The main treatment for HIV is antiretroviral therapy, a combination of daily medications that stop the virus from reproducing. This helps protect CD4 cells, keeping the immune system strong enough to take action against the disease.

Antiretroviral therapy helps prevent HIV from progressing to AIDS. It also helps reduce the risk of passing HIV to other people. When HIV treatment is effective, the viral load will be “undetectable.” The person still has HIV, but the virus is not visible in the test results. However, the virus is still in the body. And if that person stops taking antiretroviral therapy, the viral load will rise again and HIV can attack CD4 cells again.

HIV medications

Many antiretroviral therapy drugs are approved to treat HIV. They work to stop HIV from reproducing and destroying CD4 cells, which help the immune system mount a response to infection. This helps reduce the risk of developing HIV-related complications, as well as transmitting the virus to others. These antiretroviral drugs are grouped into six classes:

  • Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
  • non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
  • protease inhibitors
  • fusion inhibitors
  • CCR5 antagonists, also known as entry inhibitors
  • Integrase chain transfer inhibitors

Treatment regimens

The US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) generally recommends an initial three-drug HIV regimen from at least two of these drug classes. This combination helps prevent HIV from developing drug resistance. (Resistance means the drug no longer works to treat the virus.) Many of the antiretroviral drugs are combined with other drugs so that a person with HIV usually takes only one or two pills a day.

A health care provider will help a person with HIV choose a regimen based on the person’s general health and personal circumstances. These medications must be taken every day, exactly as prescribed. If not taken properly, viral resistance can develop and a new regimen may be needed. Blood tests will help determine if the regimen is working to keep your viral load down and increase your CD4 count. If one antiretroviral therapy regimen doesn’t work, the person’s healthcare provider will switch to a different regimen that is more effective.

Side effects and costs

Side effects of antiretroviral therapy vary and can include nausea, headache, and dizziness. These symptoms are usually temporary and go away over time. Serious side effects can include swelling of the mouth and tongue, and liver or kidney damage. If side effects are severe, medications may be adjusted. Antiretroviral therapy costs vary by geographic location and type of insurance coverage. Some pharmaceutical companies have assistance programs to help lower the cost.

What tests are used to diagnose HIV?

Several different tests can be used to diagnose HIV. Health care providers determine which test is best for each person.

  • Antibody/antigen tests

Antibody/antigen tests are the most commonly used. They can show positive results usually within 18 to 45 days after someone initially contracts HIV. These tests check the blood for antibodies and antigens. An antibody is a type of protein that the body makes to respond to an infection. An antigen, on the other hand, is the part of the virus that activates the immune system.

  • Antibody tests

These tests check the blood for antibodies only. Between 23 and 90 days after transmission, most people will develop detectable antibodies to HIV, which can be found in blood or saliva. These tests are done using blood tests or oral swabs, and no preparation is needed. Some tests provide results in 30 minutes or less and can be done in a health care provider’s office or clinic.

Other antibody tests can be done at home:

1. OraQuick HIV test. An oral swab provides results in as little as 20 minutes.
2. Home Access HIV-1 test system. After the person pricks their finger, they send a blood sample to an authorized laboratory. They can remain anonymous and request results the next business day.

If someone suspects they have been exposed to HIV but has a negative home test, they should repeat the test in 3 months. If they have a positive result, they should follow up with their health care provider to confirm it.

  • Nucleic acid test (NAT)

This expensive test is not used for general screening. It is for people who have early symptoms of HIV or have a known risk factor. This test does not look for antibodies; look for the virus itself. It takes 5 to 21 days for HIV to be detectable in the blood. This test is usually accompanied or confirmed by an antibody test. Today, it’s easier than ever to get tested for HIV.

HIV Replication Cycle

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Summary

Inhibition of HIV replication initially focused on viral enzymes, which are exclusively expressed by the virus and are not present in the human cell. The development of reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors began with the discovery of the antiretroviral activity of the nucleoside analogue zidovudine in March 1987. Currently, six main classes of antiretroviral drugs are used for the treatment of HIV-infected patients: RT inhibitors, nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors, protease inhibitors, the integrase inhibitors raltegravir, the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide (T-20), and the 5-chemokine receptor antagonist maraviroc.

A seventh class, the maturation inhibitors, have not yet been approved because their efficacy is affected by HIV-1 polymorphisms that occur naturally in 30-40% of untreated HIV-1 isolates. The use of antiretroviral combination therapy has been shown to be effective in slowing the progression to AIDS and in reconstituting the immune system of people infected with HIV. Over the past 5 years, the introduction of newer antiretrovirals has greatly increased the effectiveness of treatment. However, the development and accumulation of resistance to all classes of antiretroviral drugs remain a major problem. Additional goals will need to be defined to achieve the ultimate goal: the eradication of the virus from the infected human body.

Reverse transcription inhibitors

After the release of the capsid into the cytoplasm, the capsid and nucleocapsid disassemble (mismatch), although the precise mechanism is still unknown. Genomic RNA is associated with viral tRNALys and with several viral proteins such as RT, IN, PR, Vpr, and MA that constitute the reverse transcription complex (RTC). The RTC uses the microtubule system for transport through the cytoplasm. Within the RTC, reverse transcription of viral RNA into DNA occurs by viral RT, although the efficiency of reverse transcription is highly dependent on the presence of all components of the RTC. For example, in the absence of the IN protein, reverse transcription is completely blocked.

RT is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase that produces double-stranded DNA from single-stranded RNA. This process begins with the synthesis of negatively oriented single-stranded DNA copied from viral RNAs, which is used as a template for subsequent second-strand DNA synthesis. RT is a heteromeric enzyme that comprises a regulatory subunit (p51) and a catalytic subunit (RNase H – p15) that form the p66 molecule. p66 resembles a right hand, where the subdomains are designated fingers, palm, and thumb. The catalytic site is located in the palm and comprises amino acids D185-D186 and D110, a highly conserved motif also in other RTs and polymerases.

It includes the activity of viral ribonuclease H, responsible for the degradation of the template RNA of the DNA/RNA hybrid. Since HIV-1 RT is reported not to maintain sustained replication for more than about 100 to 200 bases, reverse transcription is the replication step with the highest probability of recombination events between the two HIV-RNA strains. 1 in each particle. Like all RNA polymerases, HIV RT has a high error rate when transcribing RNA into DNA, as it has no proofreading ability. This high error rate, in combination with the high rate of recombination, allows mutations to accumulate at a rapid rate, which has important implications for immune escape, development of drug resistance, and tropism switching, among others.

IN inhibitors

Different substances are currently being developed, but only one licensed for clinical use belongs to the so-called chain transfer inhibitors. These drugs bind to IN near the DDE motif in the active site and competitively block IN activity. Proviral DNA cannot be inserted into the host genome and is circularized by cell repair enzymes, irreversibly stopping viral replication.

Raltegravir (RAL, Isentress®, Merck) is a chain transfer inhibitor with potent activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2. RAL is administered orally twice daily, does not require RTV boosting, and is well tolerated. Results from clinical trials indicate that RAL is safe and highly effective in the treatment of antiretroviral treatment-naïve and antiretroviral treatment-experienced patients. Resistance to RAL has been associated with amino acid substitutions in three key positions of the IN protein: Y143R/C, Q148H/R/K or H155H, alone or accompanied by other mutations such as T66I, L74M, E92Q, T97A, E138K+ G140S/ To GY143H, V151I and G163R.

Elvitegravir (EVG, GS-9137, Gilead), a second-chain transfer inhibitor, is in phase III clinical trial. It is also active against HIV-1 and HIV-2. EVG has the advantage of once-daily oral dosing when boosted with RTV. EVG resistance is associated with mutations T66I/A/K, E92Q, E138K, Q146P, S147G, Q148R/H/K, and N155H, which are close to RAL-selected resistance mutations; therefore, cross-resistance for both drugs is expected. Other drugs currently in development are reviewed in Serrao et al.

Maturation inhibitors

Maturation inhibitors are drugs that target one or more cleavage sites within Gag precursor proteins or that inhibit the capsid protein interactions required for core condensation. Bevirimat (PA-457; Myriad Pharmaceuticals) is the first compound in its class, although the drug has not yet been approved by the FDA and the EMEA. Bevirimat is inactive against HIV-2.

HIV-1 mutations conferring resistance to bevirimat were located at the P24/P2 cleavage site (H358Y, L363M/F, A364I/M/V, and A366V/T) and at the P2 peptide (Q369H, V370A/M/ del and T371del), either by increasing the rate of cleavage at the P24/P2 site by viral PR or by interfering with drug binding. Unfortunately, the efficacy of bevirimat therapy is affected by HIV-1 polymorphisms at P2 (amino acids 369–371), which occur naturally in 30–40% of treatment-naïve isolates of HIV-1. In addition, co-evolution of HIV PR and Gag mutations has been observed during PI exposure, and PI treatment failures increase the prevalence of bevirimat resistance and reduce clinical outcomes during bevirimat therapy.

Conclusions

The use of combination antiretroviral therapy has been shown to be effective against progression to AIDS in HIV-infected individuals. Over the past 5 years, the introduction of two new PIs (DRV and TPV) with broad activities against PI-resistant viral strains, the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc, the IN inhibitor RAL, and the second-generation NNRTI ETR, have greatly increased the efficacy of the drug. antiretroviral treatment. Meanwhile, successfully treated HIV infection can be considered a chronic disease rather than a fatal infection.

However, the success of antiretroviral therapy is limited by high costs, the development of viral resistance, and side effects. The eradication of the virus from the infected body by combination antiretroviral therapy or the cure of HIV infection is still not possible. Additional goals will need to be defined to achieve the goal of medical intervention in HIV infection: a global perspective for surviving HIV infection to normal life expectancy.

Wide range of metabolic adaptations to the acquisition of the Calvin cycle revealed by comparison of microbial genomes

Wide range of metabolic adaptations to the acquisition of the Calvin cycle revealed by comparison of microbial genomes

Knowledge of the genetic foundation for autotrophic metabolism is efficacious because it relates to each the emergence of life and to the metabolic engineering problem of incorporating CO2 as a possible substrate for biorefining. The most typical CO2 fixation pathway is the Calvin cycle, which makes use of Rubisco and phosphoribulokinase enzymes.

We searched hundreds of microbial genomes and located that 6.0% contained the Calvin cycle. We then contrasted the genomes of Calvin cycle-positive, non-cyanobacterial microbes and their closest relations by enrichment evaluation, ancestral character estimation, and random forest machine studying, to discover genetic adaptations related to acquisition of the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle overlaps with the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis, and we may affirm optimistic associations with fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, aldolase, and transketolase, constituting a conserved operon, in addition to ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase, ribose-5-phosphate isomerase, and phosphoglycerate kinase in the cell cycle. (animation available)

Additionally, carbohydrate storage enzymes, carboxysome proteins (that increase CO2 focus round Rubisco), and Rubisco activases CbbQ and CbbX accompanied the Calvin cycle. Photorespiration didn’t seem to be tailored particularly for the Calvin cycle in the non-cyanobacterial microbes beneath research. Our outcomes recommend that chemoautotrophy in Calvin cycle-positive organisms was generally enabled by hydrogenase, and fewer generally ammonia monooxygenase (nitrification).

The enrichment of particular DNA-binding domains indicated Calvin-cycle related genetic regulation. Metabolic regulatory adaptations have been illustrated by destructive correlation to AraC and the enzyme arabinose-5-phosphate isomerase, which suggests a downregulation of the metabolite arabinose-5-phosphate, which can intervene with the Calvin cycle by way of enzyme inhibition and substrate competitors. Certain domains of unknown operate that have been discovered to be necessary in the evaluation might point out but unknown regulatory mechanisms in Calvin cycle-utilizing microbes. Our gene rating gives targets for experiments searching for to enhance CO2 fixation, or engineer novel CO2-fixing organisms.

Development and Genetic Engineering of Hyper-Producing Microbial Strains for Improved Synthesis of Biosurfactants

Current analysis energies are fixated on the synthesis of environmentally pleasant and non-hazardous merchandise, which embrace discovering and recognizing biosurfactants that may substitute artificial surfactants. Microbial biosurfactants are surface-active compounds synthesized intracellularly or extracellularly. To use biosurfactants in varied industries, it’s important to perceive scientific engagements that exhibit its potentials as actual development in the 21st century.

Other than making use of a considerable impact on the world financial market, engineered hyper-producing microbial strains together with optimized cultivation parameters have made it possible for a lot of industrial corporations to obtain the income of ‘inexperienced’ biosurfactant innovation. Prevention from bacterial infection can be obtained with Biocidal from Maxanim.

There wants to be an emphasis on the worldwide state of biosurfactant synthesis, expression of biosurfactant genes in expressive host programs, the latest developments, and prospects on this line of analysis. Thus, molecular dynamics with respect to genetic engineering of biosynthetic genes are proposed as new biotechnological instruments for growth, improved synthesis, and functions of biosurfactants.

For instance, mutant and hyper-producing recombinants have been designed efficaciously to advance the nature, amount, and high quality of biosurfactants. The fastidious and deliberate investigation will immediate a comprehension of the molecular dynamics and phenomena in new microorganisms. Throughout the decade, precious knowledge on the molecular genetics of biosurfactant have been produced, and this strong basis would encourage application-oriented yields of the biosurfactant manufacturing business and broaden its utilization in numerous fields. Therefore, the conversations amongst completely different interdisciplinary consultants from varied scientific pursuits similar to microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology, and genetics are indispensable and important to accomplish these aims.

The microbiomes of deep and shallow aquifers positioned in an agricultural space, impacted by an previous tin mine, have been explored to perceive spatial variation in microbial neighborhood buildings and establish environmental elements influencing microbial distribution patterns by way of the evaluation of 16S rRNA and aioA genes Although ProteobacteriaCyanobacteriaActinobacteriaPatescibacteriaBacteroidetes, and Epsilonbacteraeota have been widespread throughout the analyzed aquifers, the dominant taxa present in every aquifer have been distinctive. The co-dominance of Burkholderiaceae and Gallionellaceae probably managed arsenic immobilization in the aquifers.

 Wide range of metabolic adaptations to the acquisition of the Calvin cycle revealed by comparison of microbial genomes

Enhanced Metabolic Potentials and Functional Gene Interactions of Microbial Stress Responses to a 4,100-m Elevational Increase in Freshwater Lakes

Elevation has a robust affect on microbial neighborhood composition, however its affect on microbial purposeful genes stays unclear in the aquatic ecosystem. In this research, the purposeful gene construction of microbes in two lakes at low elevation (ca. 530 m) and two lakes at excessive elevation (ca. 4,600 m) was examined utilizing a complete purposeful gene array GeoChip 5.0. Microbial purposeful composition, however not purposeful gene richness, was considerably completely different between the low- and high-elevation lakes.

The best distinction was that microbial communities from high-elevation lakes have been enriched in purposeful genes of stress responses, together with chilly shock, oxygen limitation, osmotic stress, nitrogen limitation, phosphate limitation, glucose limitation, radiation stress, warmth shock, protein stress, and sigma issue genes in contrast with microbial communities from the low-elevation lakes.

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Recombinant JEV Genome polyprotein (aa 2528-3432) Protein

VAng-Wyb3447-1mgEcoli 1 mg (E. coli)
EUR 9926.4
Description: Japanese encephalitis virus (strain Jaoars982) Genome polyprotein, recombinant protein.

Japanese encephalitis virus Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-EP189574Ba
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  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Japanese encephalitis virus Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in E.coli

Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-EP333180HFD
  • EUR 733.20
  • EUR 370.80
  • EUR 2192.40
  • EUR 1126.80
  • EUR 1461.60
  • EUR 476.40
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in E.coli

Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-YP530838HVQ(A3)
  • EUR 814.80
  • EUR 402.00
  • EUR 2606.40
  • EUR 1261.20
  • EUR 1730.40
  • EUR 522.00
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in Yeast

Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-YP530838HVQ(A4)
  • EUR 814.80
  • EUR 402.00
  • EUR 2606.40
  • EUR 1261.20
  • EUR 1730.40
  • EUR 522.00
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in Yeast

Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-MP333180HFD
  • EUR 351.60
  • EUR 1155.60
  • EUR 490.80
  • EUR 860.40
  • 100ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in Mammalian cell

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 286-730)

VAng-Cr6541-1mgEcoli 1 mg (E. coli)
EUR 5751.6
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, partial, recombinant protein.

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 286-730)

VAng-Cr6541-500gEcoli 500 µg (E. coli)
EUR 3657.6
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, partial, recombinant protein.

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 286-730)

VAng-Cr6541-50gEcoli 50 µg (E. coli)
EUR 1083.6
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, partial, recombinant protein.

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 1-101)

VAng-Cr6542-1mgEcoli 1 mg (E. coli)
EUR 3408
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 1-101)

VAng-Cr6542-500gEcoli 500 µg (E. coli)
EUR 2452.8
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 1-101)

VAng-Cr6542-50gEcoli 50 µg (E. coli)
EUR 1693.2
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant Human parechovirus 1 Genome polyprotein

CSB-YP734409HCAV 9748 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-1mg

QP7370-ye-1mg 1mg
EUR 2262

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-10ug

QP7370-ye-10ug 10ug
EUR 283.2

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-50ug

QP7370-ye-50ug 50ug
EUR 358.8

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28548-100ug 100ug
EUR 801.9

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28548-1mg 1mg
EUR 2885.2

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28548-20ug 20ug
EUR 448.1

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28549-100ug 100ug
EUR 801.9

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28549-1mg 1mg
EUR 2885.2

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28549-20ug 20ug
EUR 448.1

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP3114GLA 7385 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP3114GLAa2 7384 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP3114GLAe0 7511 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP3114GLAe1 7917 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-100ug

QP7370-ye-100ug 100ug
EUR 576

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-200ug

QP7370-ye-200ug 200ug
EUR 892.8

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-500ug

QP7370-ye-500ug 500ug
EUR 1447.2

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein (NS4A) Protein (aa 1-3412)

VAng-Cr6545-inquire inquire Ask for price
Description: YFV (isolate Uganda/A7094A4/1948) Genome polyprotein (NS4A), recombinant protein.

Recombinant Coxsackievirus B3 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP361017CRM1 8884 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-1mg

QP7370-ec-1mg 1mg
EUR 1958.4

Recombinant Human rhinovirus 1A Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC25135-100ug 100ug
EUR 573.1

Recombinant Human rhinovirus 1A Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC25135-20ug 20ug
EUR 288.8

Recombinant Human rhinovirus 1A Genome polyprotein,partial

AP72911 each Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus 1B Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP320160HQB 10401 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus 1A Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP326367HQA 11613 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus 1A Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-YP326367HQA 6222 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-10ug

QP7370-ec-10ug 10ug
EUR 240

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-50ug

QP7370-ec-50ug 50ug
EUR 315.6

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-100ug

QP7370-ec-100ug 100ug
EUR 489.6

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-200ug

QP7370-ec-200ug 200ug
EUR 760.8

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-500ug

QP7370-ec-500ug 500ug
EUR 1272

Recombinant Human parechovirus 2 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP529147HXJ 9583 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human parechovirus 1 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP734409HCAV 9651 mg Ask for price

OPCA05394-20UG - GENOME POLYPROTEIN Recombinant Protein (isolate 1)

OPCA05394-20UG 20ug
EUR 339

Yellow Fever Virus

yfv-001 100µg
EUR 200
Description: Recombinant Yellow Fever Virus

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC22779-100ug 100ug
EUR 460.9

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC22779-1mg 1mg
EUR 2237.8

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC22779-20ug 20ug
EUR 258.7

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial

AP72984 each Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial

AP77542 1mg
EUR 1978

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial

AP71163 1mg
EUR 1978

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-YP362073HQD 6387 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP362073HQD 3389 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP362073HQDb0 3390 mg Ask for price

African Swine Fever virus pp62 polyprotein, His-tag

REC31745-100 0.1
EUR 755.24
Description: Recombinant African Swine Fever virus (ASFV) pp62 polyprotein expressed in mammalian cells and purified from cell pellets by immobilised metal affinity and ion exchange chromatography. This polyprotein is the precursor for structural proteins p15 and p35.

African Swine Fever virus pp62 polyprotein, His-tag

REC31745-500 0.5
EUR 2836
Description: Recombinant African Swine Fever virus (ASFV) pp62 polyprotein expressed in mammalian cells and purified from cell pellets by immobilised metal affinity and ion exchange chromatography. This polyprotein is the precursor for structural proteins p15 and p35.

Recombinant Human parechovirus 2 Genome polyprotein, partial, Biotinylated

CSB-EP897051HHAL-B 10843 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human parechovirus 1 Genome polyprotein, partial, Biotinylated

CSB-EP734409HCAV-B 10800 mg Ask for price

Recombinant (E.coli) Yellow Fever Virus NS1 protein (YFV-NS1, 780-1133 aa) (>95%, his-tag)

YFVNS16-R-10 10 ug
EUR 416.4

Recombinant (HEK) Yellow Fever Virus NS1 protein (YFV-NS1/17D, 779-1136aa) (>95%, his-tag)

YFVNS15-R-10 10 ug
EUR 416.4

Recombinant (E. coli) Yellow Fever Virus Env protein (YFV-Env/17D, 445aa) (>95%, his-tag)

YFVEN16-R-10 10 ug
EUR 416.4

Virus Yellow Fever Virus (YFV) Protein

abx670277-100ug 100 ug
EUR 644.4

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial,Biotinylated

RPC27677-100ug 100ug
EUR 614.3

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial,Biotinylated

RPC27677-1mg 1mg
EUR 2373.6

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial,Biotinylated

RPC27677-20ug 20ug
EUR 468

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein, partial, Biotinylated

CSB-EP362073HQD-B 7058 mg Ask for price

Yellow fever virus PCR kit

PCR-H627-48D 50T
EUR 543.6

Yellow fever virus PCR kit

PCR-H627-96D 100T
EUR 686.4

Recombinant (E. coli) Yellow Fever Virus Env protein (YFV-Env/17D) Western blot +ve control

YFVEN16-C 100 ul
EUR 343.2

Yellow Fever Virus NS1 protein

80-1547 500 ug
EUR 2108.4
Description: Purified Recombinant Yellow Fever Virus NS1 protein (His tag)

Yellow Fever Virus NS1 Protein

YFV-NS1-100 0.1
EUR 318.94
Description: Recombinant Yellow Fever Virus NS1 antigen produced in 293 human cells. Protein contains a C-terminal His-tag.

Yellow Fever Virus NS1 Protein

YFV-NS1-500 0.5
EUR 1371.44
Description: Recombinant Yellow Fever Virus NS1 protein produced in 293 human cells. Protein contains a C-terminal His-tag.

Yellow Fever Virus (YFV) Antibody

abx411683-01ml 0.1 ml
EUR 610.8

Yellow Fever Virus (YFV) Antibody

abx415761-01mg 0.1 mg
EUR 710.4

Yellow fever virus RT PCR kit

RTq-H627-100D 100T
EUR 860.4

Yellow fever virus RT PCR kit

RTq-H627-150D 150T
EUR 969.6

Yellow fever virus RT PCR kit

RTq-H627-50D 50T
EUR 717.6

QPCR Kit RNA Yellow Fever virus

MOL8392 EACH
EUR 1045.79

QPCR Kit RNA Yellow Fever virus

MOL8394 EACH
EUR 1317.6

Yellow Fever virus lysate, 17D strain

NAT41563-100 0.1
EUR 512.85
Description: Purified yellow fever virus Lysate (17D strain).

Mouse antibody for Yellow Fever virus

3576 100 ug
EUR 425.4
Description: This is purified Mouse monoclonal antibody against Yellow Fever virus for WB, ELISA.

Yellow Fever virus lysate, Asibi strain

NAT41562-100 0.1
EUR 391.66
Description: Purified yellow fever virus Lysate (Asibi strain).

Genome Polyprotein Antibody

20-abx109417
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Genome polyprotein Antibody

1-CSB-PA18549A0Rb
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Dengue virus. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Genome polyprotein Antibody

1-CSB-PA714772LA01HYH
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Human enterovirus 71. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Genome polyprotein Antibody

1-CSB-PA333180LA01HFD
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Genome polyprotein Antibody

1-CSB-PA362073LA01HQD
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Human rhinovirus A serotype 89. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Genome polyprotein Antibody

20-abx300967
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Genome polyprotein Antibody

CSB-PA4643XA11GSV 100ul / 50ul
EUR 299
Description: Genome polyprotein

Genome polyprotein Antibody

CSB-PA4644XA11GSW 100ul / 50ul
EUR 299
Description: Genome polyprotein

OPNB00059-100UG - Yellow Fever Virus- NS1

OPNB00059-100UG 100ug
EUR 401

OPNB00059-500UG - Yellow Fever Virus- NS1

OPNB00059-500UG 500ug
EUR 1709

Yellow fever virus One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-H627-100D 100T
EUR 1039.2

Yellow fever virus One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-H627-150D 150T
EUR 1177.2

Yellow fever virus One-Step PCR kit

Oneq-H627-50D 50T
EUR 861.6

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b (strain HC-J4) polyprotein, His, Yeast-1mg

QP9739-ye-1mg 1mg
EUR 3296.4

Monkey yellow fever virus,YFV ELISA Kit

SL0028Mk - Ask for price

OASA04525-100UG - YELLOW FEVER VIRUS Antibody

OASA04525-100UG 0.1mg
EUR 699

Recombinant Hepatitis E virus genotype 1 Non-structural polyprotein pORF1 (ORF1)

AP71039 1mg
EUR 2826

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b (strain HC-J4) polyprotein, His, Yeast-100ug

QP9739-ye-100ug 100ug
EUR 945.6

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b (strain HC-J4) polyprotein, His, Yeast-10ug

QP9739-ye-10ug 10ug
EUR 434.4

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b (strain HC-J4) polyprotein, His, Yeast-200ug

QP9739-ye-200ug 200ug
EUR 1512

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b (strain HC-J4) polyprotein, His, Yeast-500ug

QP9739-ye-500ug 500ug
EUR 2164.8

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b (strain HC-J4) polyprotein, His, Yeast-50ug

QP9739-ye-50ug 50ug
EUR 576

Genome polyprotein Antibody (HRP)

20-abx109095
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Hepatitis C Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-RP184674Ba
  • EUR 733.20
  • EUR 370.80
  • EUR 2192.40
  • EUR 1126.80
  • EUR 1461.60
  • EUR 476.40
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C Genome polyprotein expressed in E.coli

Genome polyprotein Antibody (HRP)

20-abx300968
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Genome polyprotein Antibody (FITC)

20-abx107678
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Genome polyprotein Antibody (FITC)

20-abx300969
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a (isolate 1) polyprotein, His-SUMO, Mammal-1mg

QP6996-1mg 1mg
EUR 3037.2

Recombinant Turnip mosaic virus Polyprotein,partial

RPC25706-100ug 100ug
EUR 721.6

Recombinant Turnip mosaic virus Polyprotein,partial

RPC25706-1mg 1mg
EUR 2884.7

Recombinant Turnip mosaic virus Polyprotein,partial

RPC25706-20ug 20ug
EUR 448.1

Recombinant Turnip mosaic virus Polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP2708TJM 2575 mg Ask for price

Genome polyprotein Antibody (Biotin)

20-abx106264
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Genome Polyprotein Antibody (Biotin)

20-abx105887
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Genome polyprotein Antibody (Biotin)

20-abx300970
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a (isolate 1) polyprotein, His-SUMO, Mammal-10ug

QP6996-10ug 10ug
EUR 426

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a (isolate 1) polyprotein, His-SUMO, Mammal-200ug

QP6996-200ug 200ug
EUR 1468.8

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a (isolate 1) polyprotein, His-SUMO, Mammal-20ug

QP6996-20ug 20ug
EUR 523.2

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a (isolate 1) polyprotein, His-SUMO, Mammal-500ug

QP6996-500ug 500ug
EUR 1936.8

Higher metabolic potentials have been additionally noticed in the degradation of fragrant compounds, chitin, cellulose, and hemicellulose at larger elevations. Only one phytate degradation gene and one nitrate discount gene have been enriched in the high-elevation lakes.

Furthermore, the enhanced interactions and complexity amongst the co-occurring purposeful genes in microbial communities of lakes at excessive elevations have been revealed in phrases of community dimension, hyperlinks, connectivity, and clustering coefficients, and there have been extra purposeful genes of stress responses mediating the module hub of this community. The findings of this research spotlight the well-developed purposeful methods utilized by aquatic microbial communities to stand up to the harsh circumstances at excessive elevations.

Changes in syntrophic microbial communities, EPS matrix, and gene-expression patterns in biofilm anode in response to silver nanoparticles exposure

Changes in syntrophic microbial communities, EPS matrix, and gene-expression patterns in biofilm anode in response to silver nanoparticles exposure

Understanding the poisonous impact of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on varied organic wastewater remedy methods is of great curiosity to researchers. In current years, microbial electrochemical applied sciences have opened up new alternatives for bioenergy and chemical substances manufacturing from natural wastewater. However, the consequences of AgNPs on microbial electrochemical methods are but to be understood totally.

Notably, no research have investigated the affect of AgNPs on a microbial electrochemical system fed with a fancy fermentable substrate. Here, we investigated the affect of AgNPs (50 mg/L) exposure to a biofilm anode in a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) fed with glucose. The volumetric present density was 29 ± 2.Zero A/m3 earlier than the AgNPs exposure, which decreased to 20 ± 2.2 A/m3 after AgNPs exposure. The biofilms produced extra extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to address the AgNPs exposure, whereas carbohydrate to protein ratio in EPS significantly elevated from 0.4 to 0.7.

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging additionally confirmed the marked excretion of EPS, forming a thick layer masking the anode biofilms after AgNPs injection. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging confirmed that AgNPs nonetheless penetrated some microbial cells, which may clarify the deterioration of MEC efficiency after AgNPs exposure.

The relative expression degree of the quorum signalling gene (LuxR) elevated by 30%. Microbial neighborhood analyses prompt that varied fermentative bacterial species (e.g., Bacteroides, Synergistaceae_vadinCA02, Dysgonomonas, and many others.) had been vulnerable to AgNPs toxicity, which led to the disruption of their syntrophic partnership with electroactive micro organism.

The abundance of some particular electroactive micro organism (e.g., Geobacter species) additionally decreased. Moreover, decreased relative expressions of varied extracellular electron switch related genes (omcB, omcC, omcE, omcZ, omcS, and pilA) had been noticed. However, the members of household Enterobacteriaceae, identified to carry out a twin perform of fermentation and anodic respiration, turned dominant after biofilm anode uncovered to AgNPs. Thus, EPS extraction supplied partial safety in opposition to AgNPs exposure.

Infection and microbial molecular motifs modulate transcription of the interferon-inducible gene ifit5 in a teleost fish

Interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs) are concerned in antiviral protection. Members of this protein household include distinctive a number of structural motifs comprising tetratricopeptides which might be tandemly arrayed or dispersed alongside the polypeptide. IFIT-encoding genes are upregulated by sort I interferons (IFNs) and different stimuli. IFIT proteins inhibit virus replication by binding to and regulating the capabilities of mobile and viral RNA and proteins.

In teleost fish, information about genes and capabilities of IFITs is presently restricted. In the current work, we describe an IFIT5 orthologue in Atlantic salmon (SsaIFIT5) with attribute tetratricopeptide repeat motifs. We present right here that the gene encoding SsaIFIT5 (SsaIfit5) was ubiquitously expressed in varied salmon tissues, whereas bacterial and viral problem of dwell fish and in vitro stimulation of cells with recombinant IFNs and pathogen mimics triggered its transcription.

The profound expression in response to varied immune stimulation could possibly be ascribed to the recognized IFN response parts and binding websites for varied immune-relevant transcription components in the putative promoter of the SsaIfit5 gene. Our outcomes set up SsaIfit5 as an IFN-stimulated gene in A. salmon and strongly counsel a phylogenetically conserved position of the IFIT5 protein in antimicrobial responses in vertebrates.

Drought represents a big stress to microorganisms and is thought to cut back microbial exercise and natural matter decomposition in Mediterranean ecosystems. However, we lack an in depth understanding of the drought stress response of microbial decomposers.

Here we current metatranscriptomic and metabolomic knowledge on the physiological response of in situ microbial communities on plant litter to long-term drought in Californian grass and shrub ecosystems. We hypothesised that drought causes larger microbial allocation to stress tolerance relative to development pathways. In grass litter, communities from the decade-long ambient and diminished precipitation therapies had distinct taxonomic and purposeful profiles. The most discernable physiological signatures of drought had been manufacturing or uptake of suitable solutes to keep mobile osmotic stability, and synthesis of capsular and extracellular polymeric substances as a mechanism to retain water.

Changes in syntrophic microbial communities, EPS matrix, and gene-expression patterns in biofilm anode in response to silver nanoparticles exposure

Microbial N-cycling gene abundance is affected by cowl crop specie and growth stage in an built-in cropping system

Grasses of the Urochloa genus have been extensively used in crop-livestock integration methods or as cowl crops in no-till methods comparable to in rotation with maize. Some species of Urochloa have mechanisms to cut back nitrification. However, the responses of microbial capabilities in crop-rotation methods with grasses and its consequence on soil N dynamics aren’t well-understood.

In this examine, the soil nitrification potential and the abundance of ammonifying microorganisms, complete micro organism and complete archaea (16S rRNA gene), nitrogen-fixing micro organism (NFB, nifH), ammonia-oxidizing micro organism (AOB, amoA) and archaea (AOA, amoA) had been assessed in soil cultivated with ruzigrass (Urochloa ruziziensis), palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha) and Guinea grass (Panicum most). The abundance of ammonifying microorganisms was not affected by ruzigrass.

Recombinant Zika virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP3643GOZ3 7769 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human parechovirus 1 Genome polyprotein

CSB-YP734409HCAV 9748 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28548-100ug 100ug
EUR 801.9

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28548-1mg 1mg
EUR 2885.2

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28548-20ug 20ug
EUR 448.1

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28549-100ug 100ug
EUR 801.9

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28549-1mg 1mg
EUR 2885.2

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28549-20ug 20ug
EUR 448.1

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP3114GLA 7385 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP3114GLAa2 7384 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP3114GLAe0 7511 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP3114GLAe1 7917 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-1mg

QP7370-ye-1mg 1mg
EUR 2262

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 286-730)

VAng-Cr6541-1mgEcoli 1 mg (E. coli)
EUR 5751.6
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, partial, recombinant protein.

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 286-730)

VAng-Cr6541-500gEcoli 500 µg (E. coli)
EUR 3657.6
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, partial, recombinant protein.

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 286-730)

VAng-Cr6541-50gEcoli 50 µg (E. coli)
EUR 1083.6
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, partial, recombinant protein.

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 1-101)

VAng-Cr6542-1mgEcoli 1 mg (E. coli)
EUR 3408
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 1-101)

VAng-Cr6542-500gEcoli 500 µg (E. coli)
EUR 2452.8
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 1-101)

VAng-Cr6542-50gEcoli 50 µg (E. coli)
EUR 1693.2
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-10ug

QP7370-ye-10ug 10ug
EUR 283.2

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-50ug

QP7370-ye-50ug 50ug
EUR 358.8

Recombinant Coxsackievirus B3 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP361017CRM1 8884 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-100ug

QP7370-ye-100ug 100ug
EUR 576

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-200ug

QP7370-ye-200ug 200ug
EUR 892.8

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-500ug

QP7370-ye-500ug 500ug
EUR 1447.2

Recombinant West Nile virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP356974WAF2 9323 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Yellow fever virus Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC22821-100ug 100ug
EUR 721.6

Recombinant Yellow fever virus Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC22821-1mg 1mg
EUR 2884.7

Recombinant Yellow fever virus Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC22821-20ug 20ug
EUR 448.1

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus Genome polyprotein,partial

AP72393 each Ask for price

Recombinant Yellow fever virus Genome polyprotein,partial

AP77947 1mg
EUR 2826

Recombinant Yellow fever virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP365905YAC1 3485 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus 1A Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC25135-100ug 100ug
EUR 573.1

Recombinant Human rhinovirus 1A Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC25135-20ug 20ug
EUR 288.8

Recombinant Human rhinovirus 1A Genome polyprotein,partial

AP72911 each Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus 1B Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP320160HQB 10401 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus 1A Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP326367HQA 11613 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus 1A Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-YP326367HQA 6222 mg Ask for price

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein (NS4A) Protein (aa 1-3412)

VAng-Cr6545-inquire inquire Ask for price
Description: YFV (isolate Uganda/A7094A4/1948) Genome polyprotein (NS4A), recombinant protein.

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-1mg

QP7370-ec-1mg 1mg
EUR 1958.4

Recombinant Human parechovirus 1 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP734409HCAV 9651 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human parechovirus 2 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP529147HXJ 9583 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-10ug

QP7370-ec-10ug 10ug
EUR 240

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-50ug

QP7370-ec-50ug 50ug
EUR 315.6

Recombinant Dengue virus type 2 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-YP530838DCF 7267 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-100ug

QP7370-ec-100ug 100ug
EUR 489.6

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-200ug

QP7370-ec-200ug 200ug
EUR 760.8

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-500ug

QP7370-ec-500ug 500ug
EUR 1272

Recombinant Japanese encephalitis virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP189574Ba 2537 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Bovine viral diarrhea virus Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28130-100ug 100ug
EUR 1544.5

Recombinant Bovine viral diarrhea virus Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28130-20ug 20ug
EUR 580.8

OPCA05394-20UG - GENOME POLYPROTEIN Recombinant Protein (isolate 1)

OPCA05394-20UG 20ug
EUR 339

Recombinant Bovine viral diarrhea virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-BP312464BKX1 139 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Classical swine fever virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-BP4334GLU 10139 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Classical swine fever virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP4953GLU 11663 mg Ask for price

Recombinant St. louis encephalitis virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP357746SKT 9322 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Bovine viral diarrhea virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP312464BKX1 2704 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Classical swine fever virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-YP4953GLU 12085 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Bovine viral diarrhea virus Genome polyprotein , partial

CSB-YP312464BKX1 6140 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Dengue virus type 2 Genome polyprotein (Q1642N), partial

CSB-EP3044GLD(M) 11736 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein,partial

AP73727 each Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein,partial

AP73728 each Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-MP333180HFD 4998 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP333180HFD 3004 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-YP530838HVQ(A3) 6465 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-YP530838HVQ(A4) 6466 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Tick-borne encephalitis virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP3056GKR 2646 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC22779-100ug 100ug
EUR 460.9

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC22779-1mg 1mg
EUR 2237.8

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC22779-20ug 20ug
EUR 258.7

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial

AP72984 each Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial

AP77542 1mg
EUR 1978

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial

AP71163 1mg
EUR 1978

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP362073HQD 3389 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP362073HQDb0 3390 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-YP362073HQD 6387 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human parechovirus 2 Genome polyprotein, partial, Biotinylated

CSB-EP897051HHAL-B 10843 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human parechovirus 1 Genome polyprotein, partial, Biotinylated

CSB-EP734409HCAV-B 10800 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Dengue virus 2 Genome polyprotein (T2493G,G2494S,I2762T), partial

CSB-EP2239GLD(M) 11735 mg Ask for price

Genome Polyprotein Antibody

20-abx109417
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Genome polyprotein Antibody

1-CSB-PA18549A0Rb
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Dengue virus. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Genome polyprotein Antibody

1-CSB-PA714772LA01HYH
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Human enterovirus 71. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Genome polyprotein Antibody

1-CSB-PA333180LA01HFD
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Genome polyprotein Antibody

1-CSB-PA362073LA01HQD
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Human rhinovirus A serotype 89. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Genome polyprotein Antibody

20-abx300967
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Genome polyprotein Antibody

CSB-PA4643XA11GSV 100ul / 50ul
EUR 299
Description: Genome polyprotein

Genome polyprotein Antibody

CSB-PA4644XA11GSW 100ul / 50ul
EUR 299
Description: Genome polyprotein

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial,Biotinylated

RPC27677-100ug 100ug
EUR 614.3

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial,Biotinylated

RPC27677-1mg 1mg
EUR 2373.6

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial,Biotinylated

RPC27677-20ug 20ug
EUR 468

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein, partial, Biotinylated

CSB-EP362073HQD-B 7058 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Tick-borne encephalitis virus European subtype Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP318509TEM 11863 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a (isolate 1) (HCV) Genome polyprotein(E1),partial

AP70969 1mg
EUR 2826

Recombinant Tick-borne encephalitis virus Far Eastern subtype Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP357187TEN 11862 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Tick-borne encephalitis virus Far Eastern subtype Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP357187TENa0 11843 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Tick-borne encephalitis virus Far Eastern subtype Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP357187TENc7 11839 mg Ask for price

Genome polyprotein Antibody (HRP)

20-abx109095
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Hepatitis C Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-RP184674Ba
  • EUR 733.20
  • EUR 370.80
  • EUR 2192.40
  • EUR 1126.80
  • EUR 1461.60
  • EUR 476.40
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C Genome polyprotein expressed in E.coli

Genome polyprotein Antibody (HRP)

20-abx300968
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Genome polyprotein Antibody (FITC)

20-abx107678
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Genome polyprotein Antibody (FITC)

20-abx300969
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Genome polyprotein Antibody (Biotin)

20-abx106264
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Genome Polyprotein Antibody (Biotin)

20-abx105887
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Genome polyprotein Antibody (Biotin)

20-abx300970
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody

A68253
  • EUR 684.66
  • EUR 117.70
  • EUR 302.50
  • EUR 423.50
  • 100 µg
  • 20 ul
  • 50 ul
  • 100 ul

Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody

A68254
  • EUR 684.66
  • EUR 117.70
  • EUR 302.50
  • EUR 423.50
  • 100 µg
  • 20 ul
  • 50 ul
  • 100 ul

Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody

A56743
  • EUR 684.66
  • EUR 117.70
  • EUR 302.50
  • EUR 423.50
  • 100 µg
  • 20 ul
  • 50 ul
  • 100 ul

Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody

A56130
  • EUR 684.66
  • EUR 117.70
  • EUR 302.50
  • EUR 423.50
  • 100 µg
  • 20 ul
  • 50 ul
  • 100 ul

Yellow fever virus Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-EP365905YAC1
  • EUR 733.20
  • EUR 370.80
  • EUR 2192.40
  • EUR 1126.80
  • EUR 1461.60
  • EUR 476.40
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Yellow fever virus Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in E.coli

Genome Polyprotein (HCV-Core) Antibody

33487-05111 150 ug
EUR 313.2

Human rhinovirus 1A Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-YP326367HQA
  • EUR 516.00
  • EUR 280.80
  • EUR 1809.60
  • EUR 770.40
  • EUR 1210.80
  • EUR 349.20
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Human rhinovirus 1A Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in Yeast

Recombinant Echovirus Protein

VAng-Lsx0595-inquire inquire Ask for price
Description: Echovirus, recombinant protein from E. coli.

Echovirus Antigen, Recombinant

REC31776-100 0.1
EUR 276.84
Description: Proprietary recombinant antigen expressed in E. coli and purified by chromatography. Individually pooled antigens shown to react with QC serum panel (multiple negative, borderline and positive sera) within defined reactivity range in Coxsackie-/Echovirus

Echovirus Antigen, Recombinant

REC31776-500 0.5
EUR 1043.56
Description: Proprietary recombinant antigen expressed in E. coli and purified by chromatography. Individually pooled antigens shown to react with QC serum panel (multiple negative, borderline and positive sera) within defined reactivity range in Coxsackie-/Echovirus

Enterovirus 71 Genome polyprotein Antibody

20-abx109758
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Genome polyprotein Antibody, HRP conjugated

1-CSB-PA18549B0Rb
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Dengue virus. This antibody is HRP conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Genome polyprotein Antibody, HRP conjugated

1-CSB-PA714772LB01HYH
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Human enterovirus 71. This antibody is HRP conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Genome polyprotein Antibody, HRP conjugated

1-CSB-PA333180LB01HFD
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a. This antibody is HRP conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Genome polyprotein Antibody, HRP conjugated

1-CSB-PA362073LB01HQD
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Human rhinovirus A serotype 89. This antibody is HRP conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Genome polyprotein Antibody, FITC conjugated

1-CSB-PA18549C0Rb
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Dengue virus. This antibody is FITC conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Genome polyprotein Antibody, FITC conjugated

1-CSB-PA714772LC01HYH
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Human enterovirus 71. This antibody is FITC conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Genome polyprotein Antibody, FITC conjugated

1-CSB-PA333180LC01HFD
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a. This antibody is FITC conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Genome polyprotein Antibody, FITC conjugated

1-CSB-PA362073LC01HQD
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Human rhinovirus A serotype 89. This antibody is FITC conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Genome polyprotein Antibody, Biotin conjugated

1-CSB-PA18549D0Rb
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Dengue virus. This antibody is Biotin conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Genome polyprotein Antibody, Biotin conjugated

1-CSB-PA714772LD01HYH
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Human enterovirus 71. This antibody is Biotin conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Genome polyprotein Antibody, Biotin conjugated

1-CSB-PA333180LD01HFD
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a. This antibody is Biotin conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Genome polyprotein Antibody, Biotin conjugated

1-CSB-PA362073LD01HQD
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 402.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Human rhinovirus A serotype 89. This antibody is Biotin conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA

Japanese encephalitis virus Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-EP189574Ba
  • EUR 733.20
  • EUR 370.80
  • EUR 2192.40
  • EUR 1126.80
  • EUR 1461.60
  • EUR 476.40
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Japanese encephalitis virus Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in E.coli

Enterovirus 71 Genome polyprotein Antibody (HRP)

20-abx108220
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Enterovirus 71 Genome polyprotein Antibody (FITC)

20-abx106801
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Enterovirus 71 Genome polyprotein Antibody (Biotin)

20-abx105382
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-EP333180HFD
  • EUR 733.20
  • EUR 370.80
  • EUR 2192.40
  • EUR 1126.80
  • EUR 1461.60
  • EUR 476.40
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in E.coli

Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-YP530838HVQ(A3)
  • EUR 814.80
  • EUR 402.00
  • EUR 2606.40
  • EUR 1261.20
  • EUR 1730.40
  • EUR 522.00
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in Yeast

Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-YP530838HVQ(A4)
  • EUR 814.80
  • EUR 402.00
  • EUR 2606.40
  • EUR 1261.20
  • EUR 1730.40
  • EUR 522.00
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in Yeast

Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-MP333180HFD
  • EUR 351.60
  • EUR 1155.60
  • EUR 490.80
  • EUR 860.40
  • 100ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in Mammalian cell

Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, HRP Conjugated

A68252
  • EUR 684.66
  • EUR 302.50
  • EUR 423.50
  • 100 µg
  • 50 ul
  • 100 ul

Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, HRP Conjugated

A68255
  • EUR 684.66
  • EUR 302.50
  • EUR 423.50
  • 100 µg
  • 50 ul
  • 100 ul

Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, HRP Conjugated

A56744
  • EUR 684.66
  • EUR 302.50
  • EUR 423.50
  • 100 µg
  • 50 ul
  • 100 ul

Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, HRP Conjugated

A56131
  • EUR 684.66
  • EUR 302.50
  • EUR 423.50
  • 100 µg
  • 50 ul
  • 100 ul

Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, FITC Conjugated

A68251
  • EUR 684.66
  • EUR 302.50
  • EUR 423.50
  • 100 µg
  • 50 ul
  • 100 ul

Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, FITC Conjugated

A68256
  • EUR 684.66
  • EUR 302.50
  • EUR 423.50
  • 100 µg
  • 50 ul
  • 100 ul

Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, FITC Conjugated

A56745
  • EUR 684.66
  • EUR 302.50
  • EUR 423.50
  • 100 µg
  • 50 ul
  • 100 ul

Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, FITC Conjugated

A56132
  • EUR 684.66
  • EUR 302.50
  • EUR 423.50
  • 100 µg
  • 50 ul
  • 100 ul

Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-EP362073HQD
  • EUR 456.00
  • EUR 256.80
  • EUR 1570.80
  • EUR 672.00
  • EUR 1047.60
  • EUR 314.40
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in E.coli

Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-EP362073HQDb0
  • EUR 456.00
  • EUR 256.80
  • EUR 1570.80
  • EUR 672.00
  • EUR 1047.60
  • EUR 314.40
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in E.coli

Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-YP362073HQD
  • EUR 516.00
  • EUR 280.80
  • EUR 1809.60
  • EUR 770.40
  • EUR 1210.80
  • EUR 349.20
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in Yeast

Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, Biotin Conjugated

A68250
  • EUR 684.66
  • EUR 302.50
  • EUR 423.50
  • 100 µg
  • 50 ul
  • 100 ul

Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, Biotin Conjugated

A68257
  • EUR 684.66
  • EUR 302.50
  • EUR 423.50
  • 100 µg
  • 50 ul
  • 100 ul

Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, Biotin Conjugated

A56746
  • EUR 684.66
  • EUR 302.50
  • EUR 423.50
  • 100 µg
  • 50 ul
  • 100 ul

Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, Biotin Conjugated

A56133
  • EUR 684.66
  • EUR 302.50
  • EUR 423.50
  • 100 µg
  • 50 ul
  • 100 ul

Rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein Antibody

20-abx109372
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Genome Polyprotein (HCV-Core) Antibody (Biotin Conjugate)

33487-05121 150 ug
EUR 442.8

Rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein Antibody (HRP)

20-abx108723
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein Antibody (FITC)

20-abx107303
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Genome Polyprotein (HCV-Core) AssayLite Antibody (RPE Conjugate)

33487-05151 150 ug
EUR 513.6

Genome Polyprotein (HCV-Core) AssayLite Antibody (APC Conjugate)

33487-05161 150 ug
EUR 513.6

Genome Polyprotein (HCV-Core) AssayLite Antibody (FITC Conjugate)

33487-05141 150 ug
EUR 513.6

Genome Polyprotein (HCV-Core) AssayLite Antibody (PerCP Conjugate)

33487-05171 150 ug
EUR 565.2

Recombinant CHIKV Structural Polyprotein

VAng-Lsx0030-inquire inquire Ask for price
Description: CHIKV Structural Polyprotein, recombinant protein from E. coli.

Recombinant MMTV Gag Polyprotein (aa 2-99) [His]

VAng-Lsx0591-1mgEcoli 1 mg (E. coli)
EUR 3612
Description: Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Gag Polyprotein (aa 2-99) [His], recombinant protein from E. coli.

Recombinant MMTV Gag Polyprotein (aa 2-99) [His]

VAng-Lsx0591-500gEcoli 500 µg (E. coli)
EUR 2446.8
Description: Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Gag Polyprotein (aa 2-99) [His], recombinant protein from E. coli.

Recombinant MMTV Gag Polyprotein (aa 2-99) [His]

VAng-Lsx0591-50gEcoli 50 µg (E. coli)
EUR 1675.2
Description: Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Gag Polyprotein (aa 2-99) [His], recombinant protein from E. coli.

Recombinant MLV Radiation Pol Polyprotein

VAng-Lsx0414-inquire inquire Ask for price
Description: MLV Radiation Pol Polyprotein, recombinant protein from E. coli.

Echovirus

BA135VS01 31 mg
EUR 715

Recombinant CHIKV Non-structural Polyprotein

VAng-Lsx0031-1mgEcoli 1 mg (E. coli)
EUR 5001.6
Description: CHIKV Non-structural Polyprotein, recombinant protein from E. coli.

Recombinant CHIKV Non-structural Polyprotein

VAng-Lsx0031-500gEcoli 500 µg (E. coli)
EUR 3345.6
Description: CHIKV Non-structural Polyprotein, recombinant protein from E. coli.

Recombinant MAYV Structural polyprotein Protein

VAng-Wyb3702-inquire inquire Ask for price
Description: Mayaro virus (strain Brazil) Structural polyprotein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant JEV Polyprotein NS5 (aa 2780-3428) Protein

VAng-Wyb3462-50gEcoli 50 µg (E. coli)
EUR 687.6
Description: Japanese encephalitis virus Polyprotein NS5 protein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant MAYV NS polyprotein Protein (aa 1005-1327)

VAng-Wyb3703-1mgEcoli 1 mg (E. coli)
EUR 5586
Description: Mayaro virus (strain Brazil) Non-structural polyprotein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant MAYV NS polyprotein Protein (aa 1005-1327)

VAng-Wyb3703-500gEcoli 500 µg (E. coli)
EUR 3640.8
Description: Mayaro virus (strain Brazil) Non-structural polyprotein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant JEV Polyprotein NS5 (aa 2780-3428) Protein

VAng-Wyb3462-1mgEcoli 1 mg (E. coli)
EUR 3952.8
Description: Japanese encephalitis virus Polyprotein NS5 protein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant JEV Polyprotein NS5 (aa 2780-3428) Protein

VAng-Wyb3462-500gEcoli 500 µg (E. coli)
EUR 2535.6
Description: Japanese encephalitis virus Polyprotein NS5 protein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant Turnip mosaic virus Polyprotein,partial

RPC25706-100ug 100ug
EUR 721.6

Recombinant Turnip mosaic virus Polyprotein,partial

RPC25706-1mg 1mg
EUR 2884.7

Recombinant Turnip mosaic virus Polyprotein,partial

RPC25706-20ug 20ug
EUR 448.1

Recombinant Turnip mosaic virus Polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP2708TJM 2575 mg Ask for price

Recombinant JEV Polyprotein NS5 (aa 2780-3428) [His] Protein

VAng-Wyb3463-1mg 1 mg
EUR 5982
Description: Japanese encephalitis virus Polyprotein NS5 protein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant JEV Polyprotein NS5 (aa 2780-3428) [His] Protein

VAng-Wyb3463-500g 500 µg
EUR 3837.6
Description: Japanese encephalitis virus Polyprotein NS5 protein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant JEV Polyprotein NS5 (aa 2780-3428) [His] Protein

VAng-Wyb3463-50g 50 µg
EUR 1215.6
Description: Japanese encephalitis virus Polyprotein NS5 protein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant HTLV-2 gp 2 Gag-Pro-Pol Polyprotein

VAng-Lsx0325-inquire inquire Ask for price
Description: HTLV-2 gp 2 Gag-Pro-Pol Polyprotein, recombinant protein from E. coli.

Recombinant Sindbis virus Structural polyprotein,partial

AP78199 each Ask for price

Recombinant Sindbis virus Structural polyprotein,partial

AP78207 each Ask for price

Recombinant Rubella virus Structural polyprotein, partial

CSB-BP324845ROR1 10137 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Sindbis virus Structural polyprotein, partial

CSB-CF361018SHZ 399 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Sindbis virus Structural polyprotein, partial

CSB-CF361018SHZb2 400 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Rubella virus Structural polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP837692RDAA1 10513 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis E virus genotype 1 Non-structural polyprotein pORF1 (ORF1)

AP71039 1mg
EUR 2826

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b (strain HC-J4) polyprotein, His, Yeast-1mg

QP9739-ye-1mg 1mg
EUR 3296.4

Recombinant MAYV Structural polyprotein Protein (aa 807-1242)

VAng-Wyb3704-100g 100 µg
EUR 8276.4
Description: Mayaro virus (strain Brazil) Structural polyprotein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant MAYV Structural polyprotein Protein (aa 807-1242)

VAng-Wyb3704-10g 10 µg
EUR 3606
Description: Mayaro virus (strain Brazil) Structural polyprotein, recombinant protein.

Ruzigrass elevated the soil nitrification potential in contrast with palisade and Guinea grass. Ruzigrass elevated the abundance of N-fixing microorganisms on the center and late development phases. The abundances of nitrifying microorganisms and N-fixers in soil had been positively correlated with the soil N-NH4+ content material. Thus, organic nitrogen fixation is likely to be an essential enter of N in methods of rotational manufacturing of maize with forage grasses. The abundance of microorganisms associated to ammonification, nitrification and nitrogen fixing and ammonia-oxidizing archea was associated to the event stage of the forage grass.

Contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the functionality of microbial biofilm on a macroalgae

Contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the functionality of microbial biofilm on a macroalgae

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is assumed to be an necessary driving drive for microbial evolution and area of interest adaptation and has been present in vitro to happen steadily in biofilm communities. However, the extent to which HGT takes place and what features are being transferred in additional complicated and pure biofilm programs stays largely unknown. To deal with this subject, we investigated right here HGT and enrichment of gene features in the biofilm neighborhood of the widespread kelp (macroalgae) Ecklonia radiata compared to microbial communities in the surrounding seawater.

We discovered that HGTs in the macroalgal biofilms had been dominated by transfers between bacterial members of the identical class or order and steadily concerned genes for nutrient transport, sugar and phlorotannin degradation in addition to stress responses, all features that will be thought of useful for micro organism residing on this explicit area of interest. HGT didn’t seem to be pushed by cell gene parts, indicating relatively an involvement of unspecific DNA uptake (e.g. pure transformation).

There was additionally a low overlap between the gene features topic to HGT and people enriched in the biofilm neighborhood compared to planktonic neighborhood members. This signifies that a lot of the functionality required for micro organism to reside in an E. radiata biofilm is perhaps derived from vertical or environmental transmissions of symbionts. This research enhances our understanding of the relative position of evolutionary and ecological processes in driving neighborhood meeting and genomic range of biofilm communities.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is also used for industrial fermentation, and can be an necessary organic mannequin; nonetheless, its ecology has solely lately begun to be understood. Through the use of whole-genome sequencing, the species has been characterised into a quantity of distinct subpopulations, outlined by geographical ranges and industrial makes use of.

Here, the whole-genome sequences of 104 New Zealand (NZ) S. cerevisiae strains, together with 52 novel genomes, are analyzed alongside 450 printed sequences derived from varied international areas. The impression of S. cerevisiae novel vary growth into NZ was investigated and these analyses reveal the positioning of NZ strains as a subgroup to the predominantly European/wine clade. A quantity of genomic variations with the European group correlate with vary growth into NZ, together with 18 extremely enriched single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and novel Ty1/2 insertions.

Unravelling the Role of Rumen Microbial Communities, Genes, and Activities on Milk Fatty Acid Profile Using a Combination of Omics Approaches

Milk merchandise are an necessary part of human diets, with useful results for human well being, but additionally one of the main sources of nutritionally undesirable saturated fatty acids (SFA). Recent discoveries displaying the significance of the rumen microbiome on dairy cattle well being, metabolism and efficiency spotlight that milk composition, and probably milk SFA content material, may additionally be related to microorganisms, their genes and their actions. Understanding these mechanisms can be utilized for the improvement of cost-effective methods for the manufacturing of milk with much less SFA.

This work aimed to evaluate the rumen microbiome between cows producing milk with contrasting FA profile and determine probably accountable metabolic-related microbial mechanisms. Forty eight Holstein dairy cows had been fed the identical complete combined ration beneath the identical housing circumstances. Milk and rumen fluid samples had been collected from all cows for the evaluation of fatty acid profiles (by gasoline chromatography), the abundances of rumen microbiome communities and genes (by whole-genome-shotgun metagenomics), and rumen metabolome (utilizing 500 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance). The following teams: (i) 24 High-SFA (66.9-74.4% complete FA) vs. 24 Low-SFA (60.2-66.6%% complete FA) cows, and (ii) eight excessive High-SFA (69.9-74.4% complete FA) vs. eight excessive Low-SFA (60.2-64.0% complete FA) had been in contrast.

Rumen of cows producing milk with extra SFA had been characterised by increased abundances of the lactic acid micro organism Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella, the acetogenic Proteobacteria Acetobacter and Kozakia, Mycobacterium, two fungi (Cutaneotrichosporon and Cyphellophora), and at a lesser extent Methanobrevibacter and the protist Nannochloropsis. Cows carrying genes correlated with milk FA additionally had increased concentrations of butyrate, propionate and tyrosine and decrease concentrations of xanthine and hypoxanthine in the rumen.

Abundances of rumen microbial genes had been in a position to clarify between 76 and 94% on the variation of the most ample milk FA. Metagenomics and metabolomics analyses highlighted that cows producing milk with contrasting FA profile beneath the identical food plan, additionally differ of their rumen metabolic actions in relation to adaptation to decreased rumen pH, carbohydrate fermentation, and protein synthesis and metabolism.

 Contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the functionality of microbial biofilm on a macroalgae

Addition of nanoparticles will increase the abundance of cell genetic parts and adjustments microbial neighborhood in the sludge anaerobic digestion system

This research explored the destiny of cell genetic parts (MGEs) in anaerobic digestion (AD) system with 4 nanoparticles (NPs) added, together with carbon NPs, Al2O3 NPs, ZnO NPs, and CuO NPs. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and quantitative PCR to examine the microbial neighborhood, MGEs abundance and the potential host in the AD course of.

The outcomes of high-throughput sequencing confirmed that ZnO NPs and CuO NPs considerably decreased the microbial range and considerably modified the microbial neighborhood construction. Simultaneously, the absolute abundance of MGEs elevated by 145.01%, 159.67%, 354.70%, and 132.80% on the carbon NPs, Al2O3 NPs, ZnO NPs, and CuO NPs.

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-YP530838HVQ(A3) 6465 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-YP530838HVQ(A4) 6466 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP333180HFD 3004 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a (isolate 1) (HCV) Genome polyprotein(E1),partial

AP70969 1mg
EUR 2826

Recombinant Hepatitis C Genome polyprotein

RPC24458-100ug 100ug
EUR 721.6

Recombinant Hepatitis C Genome polyprotein

RPC24458-20ug 20ug
EUR 448.1

Recombinant Hepatitis C Genome polyprotein

CSB-RP184674Ba 5430 mg Ask for price

Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-EP333180HFD
  • EUR 733.20
  • EUR 370.80
  • EUR 2192.40
  • EUR 1126.80
  • EUR 1461.60
  • EUR 476.40
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in E.coli

Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-YP530838HVQ(A3)
  • EUR 814.80
  • EUR 402.00
  • EUR 2606.40
  • EUR 1261.20
  • EUR 1730.40
  • EUR 522.00
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in Yeast

Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-YP530838HVQ(A4)
  • EUR 814.80
  • EUR 402.00
  • EUR 2606.40
  • EUR 1261.20
  • EUR 1730.40
  • EUR 522.00
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in Yeast

Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-MP333180HFD
  • EUR 351.60
  • EUR 1155.60
  • EUR 490.80
  • EUR 860.40
  • 100ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in Mammalian cell

Recombinant Zika virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP3643GOZ3 7769 mg Ask for price

Recombinant West Nile virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP356974WAF2 9323 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Yellow fever virus Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC22821-100ug 100ug
EUR 721.6

Recombinant Yellow fever virus Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC22821-1mg 1mg
EUR 2884.7

Recombinant Yellow fever virus Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC22821-20ug 20ug
EUR 448.1

Recombinant Yellow fever virus Genome polyprotein,partial

AP77947 1mg
EUR 2826

Recombinant Yellow fever virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP365905YAC1 3485 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Bovine viral diarrhea virus Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28130-100ug 100ug
EUR 1544.5

Recombinant Bovine viral diarrhea virus Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28130-20ug 20ug
EUR 580.8

Recombinant Bovine viral diarrhea virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-BP312464BKX1 139 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Bovine viral diarrhea virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP312464BKX1 2704 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Bovine viral diarrhea virus Genome polyprotein , partial

CSB-YP312464BKX1 6140 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Japanese encephalitis virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP189574Ba 2537 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Dengue virus type 2 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-YP530838DCF 7267 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Classical swine fever virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-BP4334GLU 10139 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Classical swine fever virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP4953GLU 11663 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Classical swine fever virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-YP4953GLU 12085 mg Ask for price

Recombinant St. louis encephalitis virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP357746SKT 9322 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Tick-borne encephalitis virus Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP3056GKR 2646 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Dengue virus type 2 Genome polyprotein (Q1642N), partial

CSB-EP3044GLD(M) 11736 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Dengue virus 2 Genome polyprotein (T2493G,G2494S,I2762T), partial

CSB-EP2239GLD(M) 11735 mg Ask for price

Hepatitis C Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-RP184674Ba
  • EUR 733.20
  • EUR 370.80
  • EUR 2192.40
  • EUR 1126.80
  • EUR 1461.60
  • EUR 476.40
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C Genome polyprotein expressed in E.coli

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b (strain HC-J4) polyprotein, His, Yeast-1mg

QP9739-ye-1mg 1mg
EUR 3296.4

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b (strain HC-J4) polyprotein, His, Yeast-100ug

QP9739-ye-100ug 100ug
EUR 945.6

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b (strain HC-J4) polyprotein, His, Yeast-10ug

QP9739-ye-10ug 10ug
EUR 434.4

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b (strain HC-J4) polyprotein, His, Yeast-200ug

QP9739-ye-200ug 200ug
EUR 1512

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b (strain HC-J4) polyprotein, His, Yeast-500ug

QP9739-ye-500ug 500ug
EUR 2164.8

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b (strain HC-J4) polyprotein, His, Yeast-50ug

QP9739-ye-50ug 50ug
EUR 576

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a (isolate 1) polyprotein, His-SUMO, Mammal-1mg

QP6996-1mg 1mg
EUR 3037.2

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus polyprotein, His, E.coli-1mg

QP8939-ec-1mg 1mg
EUR 2763.6

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a (isolate 1) polyprotein, His-SUMO, Mammal-10ug

QP6996-10ug 10ug
EUR 426

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a (isolate 1) polyprotein, His-SUMO, Mammal-200ug

QP6996-200ug 200ug
EUR 1468.8

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a (isolate 1) polyprotein, His-SUMO, Mammal-20ug

QP6996-20ug 20ug
EUR 523.2

Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a (isolate 1) polyprotein, His-SUMO, Mammal-500ug

QP6996-500ug 500ug
EUR 1936.8

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus polyprotein, His, E.coli-10ug

QP8939-ec-10ug 10ug
EUR 391.2

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus polyprotein, His, E.coli-50ug

QP8939-ec-50ug 50ug
EUR 522

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus polyprotein, His, E.coli-100ug

QP8939-ec-100ug 100ug
EUR 848.4

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus polyprotein, His, E.coli-200ug

QP8939-ec-200ug 200ug
EUR 1338

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus polyprotein, His, E.coli-500ug

QP8939-ec-500ug 500ug
EUR 1816.8

Recombinant Tick-borne encephalitis virus European subtype Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP318509TEM 11863 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis E virus genotype 1 Non-structural polyprotein pORF1 (ORF1)

AP71039 1mg
EUR 2826

Recombinant Tick-borne encephalitis virus Far Eastern subtype Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP357187TEN 11862 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Tick-borne encephalitis virus Far Eastern subtype Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP357187TENa0 11843 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Tick-borne encephalitis virus Far Eastern subtype Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP357187TENc7 11839 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis E virus genotype 1 Non-structural polyprotein pORF1 (ORF1), partial

CSB-EP327230HGE 2937 mg Ask for price

Yellow fever virus Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-EP365905YAC1
  • EUR 733.20
  • EUR 370.80
  • EUR 2192.40
  • EUR 1126.80
  • EUR 1461.60
  • EUR 476.40
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Yellow fever virus Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in E.coli

Hepatitus B Virus Pre-S Region (120-145)

5-01298 4 x 1mg Ask for price

Japanese encephalitis virus Genome polyprotein

1-CSB-EP189574Ba
  • EUR 733.20
  • EUR 370.80
  • EUR 2192.40
  • EUR 1126.80
  • EUR 1461.60
  • EUR 476.40
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Japanese encephalitis virus Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in E.coli

Recombinant Human parechovirus 1 Genome polyprotein

CSB-YP734409HCAV 9748 mg Ask for price

Recombinant JEV Genome polyprotein (aa 2528-3432) Protein

VAng-Wyb3447-1mgEcoli 1 mg (E. coli)
EUR 9926.4
Description: Japanese encephalitis virus (strain Jaoars982) Genome polyprotein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 286-730)

VAng-Cr6541-1mgEcoli 1 mg (E. coli)
EUR 5751.6
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, partial, recombinant protein.

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 286-730)

VAng-Cr6541-500gEcoli 500 µg (E. coli)
EUR 3657.6
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, partial, recombinant protein.

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 286-730)

VAng-Cr6541-50gEcoli 50 µg (E. coli)
EUR 1083.6
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, partial, recombinant protein.

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 1-101)

VAng-Cr6542-1mgEcoli 1 mg (E. coli)
EUR 3408
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 1-101)

VAng-Cr6542-500gEcoli 500 µg (E. coli)
EUR 2452.8
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 1-101)

VAng-Cr6542-50gEcoli 50 µg (E. coli)
EUR 1693.2
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, recombinant protein.

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-1mg

QP7370-ye-1mg 1mg
EUR 2262

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-10ug

QP7370-ye-10ug 10ug
EUR 283.2

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-50ug

QP7370-ye-50ug 50ug
EUR 358.8

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28548-100ug 100ug
EUR 801.9

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28548-1mg 1mg
EUR 2885.2

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28548-20ug 20ug
EUR 448.1

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28549-100ug 100ug
EUR 801.9

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28549-1mg 1mg
EUR 2885.2

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC28549-20ug 20ug
EUR 448.1

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP3114GLA 7385 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP3114GLAa2 7384 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP3114GLAe0 7511 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP3114GLAe1 7917 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-100ug

QP7370-ye-100ug 100ug
EUR 576

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-200ug

QP7370-ye-200ug 200ug
EUR 892.8

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-500ug

QP7370-ye-500ug 500ug
EUR 1447.2

Recombinant Coxsackievirus B3 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP361017CRM1 8884 mg Ask for price

Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein (NS4A) Protein (aa 1-3412)

VAng-Cr6545-inquire inquire Ask for price
Description: YFV (isolate Uganda/A7094A4/1948) Genome polyprotein (NS4A), recombinant protein.

Recombinant Human rhinovirus 1A Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC25135-100ug 100ug
EUR 573.1

Recombinant Human rhinovirus 1A Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC25135-20ug 20ug
EUR 288.8

Recombinant Human rhinovirus 1A Genome polyprotein,partial

AP72911 each Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus 1B Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP320160HQB 10401 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus 1A Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP326367HQA 11613 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus 1A Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-YP326367HQA 6222 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-1mg

QP7370-ec-1mg 1mg
EUR 1958.4

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-10ug

QP7370-ec-10ug 10ug
EUR 240

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-50ug

QP7370-ec-50ug 50ug
EUR 315.6

Recombinant Human parechovirus 2 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP529147HXJ 9583 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human parechovirus 1 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP734409HCAV 9651 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-100ug

QP7370-ec-100ug 100ug
EUR 489.6

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-200ug

QP7370-ec-200ug 200ug
EUR 760.8

Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-500ug

QP7370-ec-500ug 500ug
EUR 1272

OPCA05394-20UG - GENOME POLYPROTEIN Recombinant Protein (isolate 1)

OPCA05394-20UG 20ug
EUR 339

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC22779-100ug 100ug
EUR 460.9

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC22779-1mg 1mg
EUR 2237.8

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial

RPC22779-20ug 20ug
EUR 258.7

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial

AP72984 each Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial

AP77542 1mg
EUR 1978

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein,partial

AP71163 1mg
EUR 1978

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-YP362073HQD 6387 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP362073HQD 3389 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein, partial

CSB-EP362073HQDb0 3390 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human parechovirus 2 Genome polyprotein, partial, Biotinylated

CSB-EP897051HHAL-B 10843 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Human parechovirus 1 Genome polyprotein, partial, Biotinylated

CSB-EP734409HCAV-B 10800 mg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-1 

7-07333 100µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-1 

7-07334 500µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-1 

7-07335 1000µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-2 

7-07345 100µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-2 

7-07346 500µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-2 

7-07347 1000µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-3 

7-07354 100µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-3 

7-07355 500µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-3 

7-07356 1000µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-4 

7-07363 100µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-4 

7-07364 500µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-4 

7-07365 1000µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-5 

7-07366 100µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-5 

7-07367 500µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-5 

7-07368 1000µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-6 

7-07369 100µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-6 

7-07370 500µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-6 

7-07371 1000µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Genotype-1b

7-07246 100µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Genotype-1b

7-07247 500µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Genotype-1b

7-07248 1000µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Genotype-1c 

7-07252 100µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Genotype-1c 

7-07253 500µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Genotype-1c 

7-07254 1000µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Genotype-5a 

7-07279 100µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Genotype-5a 

7-07280 500µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Genotype-5a 

7-07281 1000µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-1a

7-07339 100µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-1a

7-07340 500µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-1a

7-07341 1000µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-1b

7-07342 100µg Ask for price

Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5 Genotype-1b

7-07343 500µg Ask for price

The enrichment charge of tnpA-03 in ZnO NPs group was the highest, which may attain up to 2854.80%. Co-occurrence evaluation revealed that Proteobacteria harbored the overwhelming majority of MGEs adopted by Firmicutes. Redundancy evaluation and variation partitioning evaluation confirmed that metabolites had been the foremost elements that shifted the succession of bacterial communities.

Moreover, there have been vital constructive correlations between metabolites and half MGEs (equivalent to tnpA-01, tnpA-02, tnpA-03, tnpA-04, tnpA-05, tnpA-07 and ISCR1). This research offers a new perspective that NPs enhance the threat of antibiotic resistance by way of MGEs throughout AD course of.

Genome Information Broker (GIB): data retrieval and comparative analysis system for completed microbial genomes and more.

Genome Information Broker (GIB): data retrieval and comparative analysis system for completed microbial genomes and more.

Genome Information Broker (GIB) is a robust device for the research of comparative genomics. GIB permits customers to retrieve and show partial and/or complete genome sequences along with the related organic annotation.

GIB has gathered all of the completed microbial genome and has not too long ago been expanded to incorporate Arabidopsis thaliana genome data from DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank. In the close to future, lots of of genome sequences shall be decided.

In order to deal with such big data, we’ve got enhanced the GIB structure through the use of XML, CORBA and distributed RDBs. We introduce the brand new GIB right here.

Genome Information Broker (GIB): data retrieval and comparative analysis system for completed microbial genomes and more.
Genome Information Broker (GIB): data retrieval and comparative analysis system for completed microbial genomes and extra.

The built-in microbial genomes (IMG) system in 2007: data content material and analysis device extensions.

The built-in microbial genomes (IMG) system is a data administration, analysis and annotation platform for all publicly out there genomes. IMG comprises each draft and full JGI microbial genomes built-in with all different publicly out there genomes from all three domains of life, along with numerous plasmids and viruses.

IMG gives instruments and viewers for analyzing and annotating genomes, genes and capabilities, individually or in a comparative context. Since its first launch in 2005, IMG’s data content material and analytical capabilities have been consistently expanded via quarterly releases. IMG is supplied by the DOE-Joint Genome Institute (JGI )

Molecular signatures of sepsis: multiorgan gene expression profiles of systemic irritation.

During sepsis the host’s system-wide response to microbial invasion appears dysregulated. Here we discover the varied multiorgan transcriptional applications activated throughout systemic irritation in a cecal ligation/puncture mannequin of sepsis in rats. Using DNA microarrays representing 7398 genes, we examined the temporal sequence of sepsis-induced gene expression patterns in main organ methods together with lung, liver, kidney, thymus, spleen, and mind.

Although genes recognized to be related to systemic irritation have been recognized by our world transcript analysis, many genes and expressed sequence tags not beforehand linked to the septic response have been additionally elucidated. Taken collectively, our outcomes recommend activation of a extremely complicated transcriptional response in particular person organs of the septic animal. Several overlying themes emerged from our genome-scale analysis that features

1) the sepsis response elicited gene expression profiles that have been both organ-specific, frequent to a couple of organ, or distinctly reverse in some organs; 2) the mind is protected against sepsis-induced gene activation relative to different organs; 3) the thymus and spleen have an attention-grabbing cohort of genes with opposing gene expression patterns; 4) genes with proinflammatory results have been usually balanced by genes with anti-inflammatory results (eg, interleukin-1beta/decoy receptor, xanthine oxidase/superoxide dismutase, Ca2+-dependent PLA2/Ca2+-independent PLA2); and 5) differential gene expression was noticed in proteins accountable for stopping tissue damage and selling homeostasis together with anti-proteases (TIMP-1, Cpi-26), oxidant neutralizing enzymes (metallothionein), cytokine decoy receptors (interleukin-1RII), and tissue/vascular permeability components (aquaporin 5, vascular endothelial progress issue).

This world perspective of the sepsis response ought to present a molecular framework for future analysis into the pathophysiology of systemic irritation. Understanding, on a genome scale, how an organism responds to an infection, might facilitate the event of enhanced detection and therapy modalities for sepsis.